Of the four DNA researchers, only Rosalind Franklin had any degrees in chemistry. Wikimedia Commons/From the personal collection of Jenifer Glynn Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Franklin looks into a microscope, 1955. The background for the work of the four scientists was formed by several scientific breakthroughs: the progress made by X-ray crystallographers in studying organic macromolecules the growing evidence supplied by geneticists that it was DNA, not protein, in chromosomes that was responsible for heredity Erwin Chargaff’s experimental finding that there are equal numbers of A and T bases and of G and C bases in DNA and Linus Pauling’s discovery that the molecules of some proteins have helical shapes-arrived at through the use of atomic models and a keen knowledge of the possible disposition of various atoms. Modern biotechnology also has its basis in the structural knowledge of DNA-in this case the scientist’s ability to modify the DNA of host cells that will then produce a desired product, for example, insulin.
A new understanding of heredity and hereditary disease was possible once it was determined that DNA consists of two chains twisted around each other, or double helixes, of alternating phosphate and sugar groups, and that the two chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of organic bases-adenine (A) with thymine (T), and guanine (G) with cytosine (C). The molecule that is the basis for heredity, DNA, contains the patterns for constructing proteins in the body, including the various enzymes. There is a Nobel Prize stipulation that states “in no case may a prize amount be divided between more than three persons.” The fact she died before the prize was awarded may also have been a factor, although the stipulation against posthumous awards was not instated until 1974. The reasons for her exclusion have been debated and are still unclear. Wilkins’s colleague Franklin (1920–1958), who died from cancer at the age of 37, was not so honored. 1928), Crick (1916–2004), and Wilkins (1916–2004) jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their 1953 determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Franklin’s images allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to create their famous two-strand, or double-helix, model. He has also worked on secondment to the Cabinet Office in the UK, at the Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry and the European Commission’s DG Economics and Financial Affairs. A graduate of the Cambridge University, James also holds an MSc from the University of York.At King’s College London, Rosalind Franklin obtained images of DNA using X-ray crystallography, an idea first broached by Maurice Wilkins. During this period he co-authored a number of research reports on subjects ranging from the role of high-growth firms in the UK economy to the UK’s trade relationship with China and India. Prior to joining BusinessEurope, James worked for 14 years as an economic adviser in the UK government’s Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (formerly DTI), providing economic advice and analysis on policies to raise the UK’s long-term growth rate. In this role he is responsible for developing and communicating the organisation’s positions on macroeconomic policies, structural and financial market reforms, economic governance, taxation, the EU budget and EU regional policies.
James Watson was appointed Director of Economics at BusinessEurope, the Confederation of European Business, in June 2011.
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